Know Your Locks
The following images and descriptions may be useful in identifying lock types.
Entry Lock
This is a standard cylindrical residential entry lock. (Dexter by Schlage photo courtesy Ingersoll Rand Corp.)

These photos show the
deadlatch that should be present on all entry lock latches. When properly installed, the latch should fall into the strike plate when the door is closed, but the deadlatch should not. When the deadlatch mechanism is depressed, the latch is locked in the extended position, preventing the use of a credit card or other tool in depressing the latch and opening the door.
Deadbolts
These are standard cylindrical deadbolt locks. Double-sided deadbolts are operated with a key from both sides. They contain two cylinders. Single-sided deadbolts have a thumbturn, as shown on the lower lock, to allow operation on one side without a key. We rarely recommend the use of double-sided deadbolts. (Image courtesy Arrow Lock)
Knob
Lever
Knob and lever locks have various functions. An entry function lock usually will lock with a button on the inside or a key from the outside. It can be left unlocked for free access and egress. A storeroom function lock will always be locked from the outside, requiring the use of a key, with free egress. A classroom function lock can only be locked with a key from the outside. Other functions are available.
The Americans with Disabilities Act pretty much requires the use of levers, rather than knobs.
(Images courtesy Arrow Lock)
Mortise Locks
Mortise locks were replaced by cylindrical locks for residential use many years ago. Modern mortise locks are still used for commercial applications. They come in various trim configurations and lock functions. These locks are mounted in a pocket (mortise) cut into the edge of the door. Doors are usually factory-prepared for mortise locks. Mortise and cylindrical locks are not easily interchanged. The keyed portion of the lock is a mortise cylinder that is threaded to attach to the lock body. The cylinder can be seen above the lever in the photo (courtesy Arrow Lock).
Lock Cylinder
A standard pin tumbler lock cylinder.